Furniture: description and uses

Furniture – Definition and history

Definition

Furniture can be defined as any items used to furnish or decorate a home. These items can be placed either inside or outside a house. The distinctive feature of furniture is that it is movable, hence the origin of its name. The reason for this name is that, when the first pieces of furniture were created, people were not yet settled in one place and furniture was taken along whenever they moved. A piece of furniture is both functional and aesthetic. Designed for comfort or storage, it is also an essential item for enhancing the décor of a room in the home.

There are two main categories of furniture. The first, designed for people’s comfort, includes beds, tables, chairs … The second covers everything related to storage, such as wardrobes, sideboards, chests of drawers and bookcases… It is clear that storage furniture is the category that has seen the greatest development in terms of design and marketing. As regards the materials used in furniture manufacture, it is worth noting that wood is ubiquitous, with the increasingly widespread use of exotic woods, due in particular to their durability and ease of maintenance. To conclude, we may mention the findings of a recent study on French people’s furniture. This study shows that, for more than six million French people, the most popular style tends to be authentic and traditional with rustic overtones.

Owing to changes in the materials used in furniture manufacture and the increasingly frequent use of synthetic materials, France has introduced measures set out in the Grenelle II Act. For legal information, it should be noted that, since January 2011, furniture manufacturers have been obliged to arrange for the disposal of used and replaced furniture. Failure to do so will result, from July 2011, in them being liable to pay the general tax on polluting activities. Finally, from January 2012, a list of volatile pollutants used in the manufacture of a particular item of furniture must be provided.

Background

The history of furniture really begins with medieval furniture. Two distinct periods with different styles can be identified: the Early Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 10th century, and the Late Middle Ages, from the 10th to the 15th century. The most common pieces of furniture were chests and seats, though there were also a few examples of tables, cupboards, wardrobes and beds. New types of furniture appeared, such as the ‘crédence’ – the predecessor of sideboards and buffets – the ‘chayère’ and the ‘chaire’, which were seats, and the ‘faudesteuil’, a kind of stool. The most common materials were wood – notably oak and fir – metal – notably steel, copper, tin, gold leaf and enamels – leather and, occasionally, ivory.

The Renaissance is divided into two periods: the First Renaissance under François I, which lasted from 1495 to 1540, and the Second Renaissance under Henri II, which lasted from 1540 to 1589. The main pieces of furniture from this period include chests, cupboards used for storage, sideboards for crockery, tables – with the introduction of extension leaves in the form of pull-out panels – and seating, including the high-backed chair, the ‘sedia dantesca’ (an ‘X’-shaped armchair) and the ‘sedia savonarola’ (an ‘X’-shaped armchair inspired by the ‘faudesteuil’). New pieces of furniture included the sgabello (a portable stool), the armchair, the caquetoire (a seat reserved for women) and the high-backed armchair. There were no significant developments in the materials used.

From 1590 to 1660, during the reign of Louis XIII, the most notable pieces of furniture were armchairs and chairs with armrests, stools and writing desks. The major innovation of this period in terms of furniture was the introduction of the wardrobe. As for the materials used, wood remained ubiquitous, particularly walnut, beech and ebony.

During the second half of the 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIV, the most common pieces of furniture were seating such as armchairs, chairs and stools, tables and side tables, cupboards, linen cupboards, sideboards, canopied beds, which differed in their use from daybeds—considered the forerunners of our sofas. During this period, new furniture designs included the chest of drawers, which replaced the chest; the wing chair; and the writing desk, inspired by the cabinet, notably the Mazarin desk. As for materials, wood was still the dominant choice, with species such as walnut, oak, chestnut, ebony and fir, whilst bronze was increasingly used. It is worth noting that the rise of marquetry required the use of metals, tortoiseshell in particular, bone, ivory and precious stones.

From 1700 to 1730, the furniture found included tables, console tables, writing desks, two-part sideboards or china cabinets, chests of drawers, seats, armchairs, stools, benches, chaise longues, ‘voyeuses’ or ‘ponteuses’ – chairs on which one sits astride – and wardrobes. The dressing table and winged armchairs made their debut in the world of furniture during this period. Exotic woods from Asia and Africa were added to the existing range of materials, thanks to the East India Company. Also worth noting is the widespread use of other materials such as gold leaf and bronze for decorative purposes in gilding, marquetry and veneering techniques.

The period from 1730 to 1760 was characterised more by the distinctive ‘style’ of the Louis XV period than by the creation of new pieces of furniture. It was a highly refined era favouring small pieces of furniture, which were arranged in a more thoughtful and harmonious manner within rooms. The pieces of furniture that flourished during this period included chests of drawers, tables, side tables, a range of seating, card tables, sofas, bergère armchairs, sloping desks, bookcases, dressing tables, as well as alcove beds, Polish-style beds and Turkish-style beds. As for materials, oak was the preferred choice for furniture frames, whilst for veneers, rosewood, violetwood, palisander, boxwood, pear wood or plum wood were selected. Seating was mainly made from beech, walnut, cherry or mahogany.

At this point in history, there was a transitional period spanning from 1760 to 1774. The chest of drawers remained a highly prized piece of furniture, whilst the wardrobe, which had been somewhat neglected, made a comeback. New developments included donkey-back, cylindrical or slatted desks, as well as drop-leaf secretaries. The ‘bonheur du jour’ was also a new piece of furniture. It was a piece halfway between a desk and a secretary. Oak remained the primary material for furniture, and Chinese lacquerware was highly prized. It is worth noting that there was also a move towards new materials such as sheet steel and bronze.

From 1774 to 1785, during the reign of Louis XVI, the straight lines of the furniture are particularly noteworthy. Among the existing pieces are chairs – notably the highly prized bergère – as well as wardrobes, chests of drawers and writing desks. Owing to their versatility, the range of tables and pedestal tables expanded, with a preference for oval tables. Two types of bed were in vogue: the ‘à la Française’ bed and the ‘à la Polonaise’ bed. However, new pieces of furniture were appearing, such as armchairs with straight-backed, medallion-backed or balloon-backed backs; display cabinets directly inspired by wardrobes; half-moon chests of drawers; and a type of furniture reserved for women: sewing tables.

From 1790 to 1803, the most commonly used pieces of furniture were chairs, armchairs with sloping backs, tables and, above all, pedestal tables, which were at their height of popularity, rectangular chests of drawers, writing desks, wardrobes, bookcases, sideboards and beds. New developments in furniture design included low sideboards, slanted or side-facing beds and the curule chair. However, the most notable innovation of this period was the creation of the chaise longue. The preferred wood of this period was mahogany. However, walnut and fruit-tree wood were also used. From this point onwards, beech was also employed for furniture frames. Bronze was almost exclusively used for legs, whilst marble and porcelain were used for tops.

From 1803 to 1821, there was a more refined approach to furniture-making, as demonstrated, for example, by the frequent use of ‘dovetail’ joints on oak. Among the common pieces of furniture, liqueur cabinets were particularly prevalent during this period. New furniture designs included the boat-shaped bed, the ‘Ministre’ desk, the mirrored wardrobe, the ‘psyché’ dressing table, the tripod pedestal table and solidly built chairs. As for materials, mahogany ceased to be used from 1806 onwards following the British blockade imposed by Napoleon I. It was replaced by walnut, maple, lime, ash and oak. Elm burl, yew root and thuja were also used for aesthetic reasons.

From 1814 to 1830, there was a period of recession. Furniture design therefore underwent only minor changes. Common pieces of furniture included tables, pedestal tables, ministerial desks, drop-leaf secretaries, dressing tables, console tables and beds with straight, boat-shaped or cradle-shaped headboards. Seating included armchairs, bergère chairs, chairs, chaise longues, office chairs pivoting on a tripod base depending on the model, stools, daybeds and sofas. Only the Voltaire armchair was a creation of this period.

From 1830 to 1848, the most common pieces of furniture were substantial seats. These included chairs with openwork backs, gondola armchairs or those with straight backs, and sofas. It is worth noting that the chaise longue remained very popular and that the Voltaire armchair was at the height of its popularity. Tables were most often round or oval in shape. Furthermore, so-called ‘utility’ tables became more common. Examples include the knitting table, the side table, the bedside table, the dressing table, the barbière and small coffee tables. Console tables and pedestal tables are still common, as are wardrobes, chests of drawers, sideboards, bookcases and writing desks, with the flat desk, the ‘Ministre’ desk and the cylindrical desk continuing to enjoy great popularity. Meanwhile, the ‘donkey’s back’ desk is making a major comeback. There is also the tall drop-leaf secretary desk, the ‘bonheur du jour’ bed, the boat-shaped bed and the bed with straight headboards. Among the new additions, we can note the arrival of the dressing table, the screen-desk and the ‘crapaud’ armchair. In terms of materials, the trend is towards mahogany, rosewood, ebony, yew, burl walnut, cherry, pear and beech. The use of bronze and copper is also notable.

The period spanning 1852 to 1870, corresponding to the Second Empire under the reign of Napoleon III, was one of great opulence and luxury. There were no major upheavals, but rather the application of this sumptuous style to furniture. We see the emergence of a few new pieces of furniture, such as the pouffe or the ‘boudeuse’ – a sort of two-seater with backrests that are joined and separated by a central backrest (hence the name of this piece). The ‘crapaud’ armchair remained very much in vogue.

From 1890 to 1905, we entered the Art Nouveau era, which naturally had an influence on furniture. Art Nouveau is an artistic movement that favours the use of curved lines. Consequently, wood and metal were intricately crafted. During this period, furniture once again became a creation in its own right, thanks to the skill of the craftsman. The finest examples of Art Nouveau furniture include Carlo Bugatti’s ‘snail’ chair – a true precursor to Günter Beltzig’s ‘Floris’ chair – and the ‘Panton Chair’ by the Danish designer Verner Panton.

In stark contrast, the Art Deco style emerged between 1920 and 1939. Art Deco is an artistic movement influenced by Cubism and characterised by simple lines and straight forms. Consequently, furniture from this period is very understated in appearance. At the same time, and linked to Art Deco, an art school called the Bauhaus opened in Germany in 1919. A striking example is Marcel Breuer’s Wassily Chair, made of tubular steel, the result of a collaboration between man and machine. The club armchair was influenced in turn by Art Nouveau and Art Deco. The innovation of the time was the ‘cosy corner’ – a corner sofa encased within a wooden unit featuring shelves. It was a huge success. As for the materials used, wood – and more specifically oak – remained the material of choice for the frame of a piece of furniture. Ornamental elements would feature woods such as mahogany, rosewood, thuja, amaranth or lemonwood. We are witnessing a veritable explosion of colours and materials.

These three periods mentioned – Art Nouveau, Art Deco and the Bauhaus – truly laid the foundations for the furniture currently available on the market. Of course, each of these periods has left its mark on today’s furniture, but in terms of approach, Art Deco introduced the concept of mass production – essential to today’s consumer society, which demands the highest quality and the most beautiful design at a fraction of the cost.

Furniture – The different styles

The Middle Ages and the Renaissance

The Medieval Style

In the Middle Ages, there was relatively little furniture, partly for practical reasons – as people at that time were very nomadic – and partly because domestic comfort was not a priority. When considering furniture from this period, particular attention should be paid to the Romanesque style, which was in vogue from the 10th century to the mid-12th century, and to the Gothic style, which followed from the second half of the 12th century through to the 15th century. The Gothic style is much more structured and solidly built than the Romanesque. It is robust, imposing, austere and characterised by straight lines.

Medieval furniture is adorned with hinges (ironwork) and numerous locks. It is embellished with painted leather upholstery, foliage motifs (decorations featuring leaves, fruit and animals) or decorations in the form of pointed arches on orb-and-groove panelling (a relief effect achieved by layering perforated panels). There are also ‘napkin-fold’ motifs inspired by the shape that leather takes on as it dries and shrinks.

The Renaissance style

During this period, Italy exerted a strong influence on the style of furniture in France. However, here too, it is important first and foremost to distinguish between the Renaissance style under the reign of François I, from 1515 to 1547, and the Renaissance style under the reign of Henri II, from 1547 to 1559. During the first period, the style was not without allusions to that of medieval furniture, though it was embellished with numerous Italian-inspired decorative elements adapted to French tastes. The best example is the medallion, which depicts a bust or a head, surrounded by moulding or a foliage wreath. The most widespread ornamentation was inspired by grotesque art.

The Italian influence did not endure during the reign of Henry II. The furniture itself and its aesthetic underwent a transformation. Emphasis was placed on the decorative aspect of the furniture. Pilasters (large decorative columns with a base and a capital) and balusters were used. Decoration also featured foliage motifs, putti (inspired by Cupid), arabesques, mascarons and shells. Finally, it is worth noting that throughout the Renaissance period, walnut was the most commonly used type of wood.

From the Louis XIII style to the 19th-century style

The Louis XIII style

The Louis XIII style does not really have a distinct identity, as it is the result of a blend of Spanish, Italian and Flemish trends. In France, this was a period when opulence began to emerge. Luxurious furniture was imported from abroad. Cardinal Mazarin, in particular, had sumptuous objects brought over from Italy and, in doing so, astonished people with this display of luxury. The Louis XIII style is characterised by a certain straight-lined quality in the furniture and an austere appearance.

However, the ornamentation is substantial and lends a touch of lightness to the overall effect. Characteristic of this period are various turned decorative techniques, such as beadwork, baluster, drum, Solomonic and ‘Tors’ turning. The cross-brace used is always ‘H’-shaped. Common decorative features on the furniture include sand-pile mouldings, cake-spike mouldings, diamond-point mouldings, as well as oves, plinths, cornices and acanthus leaf scrolls.

The Louis XIV style

The Louis XIV style is sumptuous, and furniture is crafted with a regal character. The defining feature of this period is the introduction of marquetry, using André-Charles Boulle’s technique, into the field of furniture-making. Later, this came to be known as ‘Boulle marquetry’. The materials he used for his marquetry included tortoiseshell, enamel, brass and ivory.

At that time, there were two types of furniture. The first was ceremonial furniture adorned with beautiful, refined decorations, and the second was bourgeois furniture made of solid wood. However, regardless of the type, all pieces were rather bulky. The ‘H’-shaped brace gave way to the ‘X’-shaped brace. The ornamentation was intended to celebrate the grandeur of Louis XIV and was therefore very opulent. Motifs included garlands of fruit and flowers, masks and mascarons, palmettes, lambrequins, acanthus leaves, lion heads or paws, lilies, shells, laurel wreaths, dolphins and trophies.

The Regency style

The Regency style is a transitional style. Indeed, during this period, the Louis XIV style was gradually abandoned in favour of the Louis XV style. Majesty gave way to grace, and straight lines were replaced by softer, more curved forms. Furniture was definitely designed to be less massive and lighter. The legs were curved and the veneers were made from woods such as amaranth, rosewood or violetwood. It is also worth noting that, for greater practicality, the armrests were set further back to allow for easier seating despite the fashion for hoop skirts.

As for ornamentation, bronze fittings are more prominent. The background patterns are either chequered or diamond-shaped. There are human motifs depicting the busts of smiling young women, animal motifs such as monkeys, shells or bat wings, and plant motifs such as palmettes, sunflowers, fluted leaves or acanthus leaves.

The Louis XV style

The Louis XV style represents a minor artistic revolution. Indeed, the imposing and grandiose aspects of furniture were completely abandoned in favour of lightness, carefree elegance and imagination. Furthermore, a feminine touch is evident, as women were playing an increasingly significant role in the decorative arts. This period is also referred to as the Rococo style. The prevailing trend of this era was asymmetry. It is also worth noting that furniture now occupies the entire floor space of a room and is no longer confined to the walls. This is why the backs of pieces of furniture were also decorated. In fact, aesthetics took precedence over utility.

The hallmark of the Louis XV style is undoubtedly the curved legs of its furniture. The design drew inspiration from deer’s legs rather than lion’s paws. The backrests were also curved. With the Rococo style, bronze fittings became more prominent and featured motifs of rocaille, foliage, acanthus leaves or rushes. Marquetry gave way to curly-grained woodwork using precious woods such as amaranth, rosewood or violetwood. However, from 1745 onwards, marquetry made a comeback with very elaborate and colourful designs depicting flowers or musical instruments. Floral silk fabrics became increasingly common. Lacquerware from the Far East was highly prized, and attempts were made in France to imitate its quality.

The Transition and Louis XVI styles

The Louis XV style was followed by a Transition period during which a return to the values of Antiquity began. The excesses of the Louis XV style were no longer in vogue, and there was a desire for greater simplicity and a more understated decorative style. Bronze and ebony were used, taking inspiration from Boulle’s furniture. There was a return to straight lines, regularity and symmetry. The legs, previously curved, became slightly arched.

The trend was thus towards the Louis XVI style, which would be more restrained and classical. The aesthetic of the period lay in balanced proportions and adherence to geometry. Also drawing on antiquity, pilasters, consoles and balusters were once again in vogue. The legs of the furniture are fluted or take the form of square columns. Decoration became more simplified, and the most common motifs were ribbon bows, festoons, drapery, denticles, acanthus, oak or pearl friezes, interlacing, rosary beads and lancets.

The Directoire style

Once again a transitional style, the Directoire style is a blend of the waning Louis XVI style and the emerging Empire style. The ‘Antique’ model is still followed. However, the motifs had changed somewhat, largely due to the Revolution of 1789, and one finds Phrygian caps, spirit levels, clasped hands, spikes… The Revolution also altered the organisation of the workforce, and furniture production was in decline.

The ornamentation of the furniture was strongly influenced by Greek, Roman and even Egyptian styles. However, due to the reorganisation of craft work, it remained very understated. Furniture was frequently lacquered. The legs were turned and tapered. Armrests were finished with knobs, volutes or at right angles and were embellished with palmettes or shells. Balusters and columns are also found. The most common decorative motifs include swans, sphinxes, helmets, military trophies or sabres, and geometric patterns.

The Empire style

Antiquity remains the model for the Empire style. The furniture reflects the spirit of the age: it is at once sober, austere and uninviting in appearance, yet also impressive and grandiose. Straight lines and sharp angles take centre stage. Symmetry is the defining feature of furniture from this period. Bronze fittings are becoming scarce, and those that remain are highly ornate and depict fantastical creatures. The furniture features large surfaces decorated with Greek palm fronds, laurel wreaths or winged Victory figures with flowing drapery.

The ornamentation on the furniture is very minimal and understated. Pilasters are found, and the columns are smooth, cylindrical or slightly conical, featuring metal bases and capitals. Mouldings no longer exist, nor does marquetry. Continuing in the spirit of grandeur, some chairs from this period featured swans, whose bodies formed the base and whose wings served as armrests. There are also many motifs depicting victory, war and the Empire, as well as animal and floral motifs such as the daisy, which was very much in vogue at the time.

The 19th-century style

From 1814 to 1870, the reigns of Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis-Philippe and the Second Empire followed one another, and the style of furniture evolved. Until 1830, the style known as the Restoration featured gondola-style chairs with sloping or concave backs, whose armrests were in the form of double volutes and supported by sabre legs. Table bases were ‘X’-shaped or lyre-shaped. Chests of drawers and other similar pieces of furniture still bore the hallmarks of the Empire style. Marquetry gave way to the technique of inlay.

The period extending up to 1848 would see furniture whose style was a blend of the Empire, Gothic, Renaissance and Louis XIV Baroque styles. Boulle marquetry would take centre stage. However, from 1840 onwards, it was the Louis XV style, with its curves, swivelled legs and lavish decoration, that became particularly popular.

During the Second Empire, there were various styles of furniture. Traces of Antiquity, particularly Greco-Roman influences, and of the Renaissance could be found. The furniture was intended to be magnificent and ostentatious, clearly displaying its ambition for luxury and splendour. The decorations were numerous, highly intricate and often in relief. Drapery and fringes were used, particularly to conceal the wooden framework of the chairs.

The Art Nouveau, Art Deco and Futurist styles

The Art Nouveau style

From 1890 to 1905, there was a genuine break with tradition in the history of furniture design with the Art Nouveau style, inspired by nature and championing craftsmanship. Art Nouveau is an artistic movement that favours the use of curved lines. Nevertheless, the Art Nouveau style draws inspiration, for different reasons, from the Gothic, Rococo and Baroque styles. There were two schools of Art Nouveau in France. The first was led by Samuel Bing in Paris, and the second was headed by Émile Gallé in Nancy. The Parisian school adopted a delicate and refined style. Natural motifs were rendered in an unconventional manner. At the Nancy school, the Rococo style was championed, and Gallé was a fervent advocate of the inlay technique, featuring intricate decorative patterns.

The natural inspiration of this movement influenced not only the ornamentation but also the structure of the furniture. Straight lines were forbidden. One sees only sinuous, undulating forms and continuous lines. There is no longer any break between the different parts of the piece, so as not to disrupt the movement, which must be fluid. Although initially very keen on ornamentation, driven by a deep exploration of 19th-century style, designers came to realise that the answer lay more in the very structure of the furniture itself—which needed to be simpler—and in the use of new materials and production techniques coming onto the market. This realisation would herald the decline of Art Nouveau.

The Art Deco style or Modernism

The Art Deco style relates to the first half of the 20th century. Art Deco is an artistic movement influenced by Cubism, which favours simple lines and straight forms. Ornamentation, considered superfluous, was simply eliminated. Functionality took precedence over aesthetics. The focus was instead on how best to utilise the new materials available and on ways to industrialise furniture production.

Furniture shapes remained conventional, though some models featured references to the Louis XVI, Directoire or Louis-Philippe styles. They featured sharp, rounded or chamfered corners. The two most commonly used geometric shapes were the circle and the octagon. Pedestals are frequently found beneath the furniture. Mouldings are no longer in vogue.

Futurist furniture

When it comes to furniture manufacturing, the current trend is firmly towards metal. Lending an industrial style, metal always has a contemporary and futuristic feel. Manufacturers value it for the aesthetic appeal it brings to furniture and because it reflects light. Firstly, steel in all its forms – brushed, polished, smooth, textured, matt or glossy – is widely used. Then there is stainless steel, which is particularly popular for kitchen furniture.

Whether simple concepts or fully realised designs, today’s designers are drawing on their imagination to create new furniture that combines new technologies, new materials and new production techniques, whilst ensuring that aesthetics are balanced with functionality – a key element of our times. We can highlight a few striking examples of what is currently available or what lies ahead for the future. For example, Fabio Novembre’s ‘Air Lounge System’ bed is based on the use of new materials. What is striking about this piece of furniture is that it appears to be levitating. In fact, this bed rests on two transparent Plexiglas legs. Another example, based on functionality and space-saving (a very topical issue), is the folding deckchair by the French designer Henry Yvon. Comprising three parts connected to one another by a ball-joint mechanism, this lounger can be converted into a lounger for one or two people, with or without a backrest, or even into a coffee table. Aesthetics and new materials are also at the forefront with the ‘Wipeout’ glass armchair by designer Stéphane Perruchon. Two glass panels serve as armrests, whilst the seat is made of leather stretched over brushed stainless steel bars. Another example is the ‘Groove’ tubular armchair by Atomare. It is a welcoming and cosy piece of furniture thanks to its tubular frame, which flows seamlessly from the base through the backrest, seat and armrests. The ‘Orbital’ coffee table by designer Romain Duclos is the result of combining a coffee table with a fireplace. This highly convivial and innovative set can be complemented by matching armchairs. Finally, we might mention David Lange’s ‘Epure’ sideboard, crafted from innovative materials. This piece is made from white Daquacryl, with a central divider in red Altuglas. The base is made from chrome-plated steel.

Furniture – The different categories

Adult bedroom

Bed

The bed is the main piece of furniture in a bedroom. It is primarily used for sleeping, but also for relaxing, dozing, reading and, for couples, making love. Currently, the standard size for a single bed in France is 90 cm x 1.80 m. For a double bed, there are several options. The width can vary between 1.40 m and 1.60 m, and the length can range from 1.80 m to 2.10 m. It is also worth noting that this piece of furniture is generally fitted with pillows, bolsters, mattresses and bed bases.

The evolution of the bed has seen various shapes and sizes. The earliest beds were simply made from a pile of straw. Later, these beds were raised off the ground to protect against dust, the cold and rats. The bed frames are made of wood or metal. The bed base consists of wooden or metal slats, sometimes fitted with springs.

In ancient times, beds were usually mats or rugs made of wool or horsehair fibres. Only the wealthier Romans slept on couches, which they also used for eating. From the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, this piece of furniture underwent significant changes. In the Middle Ages, beds were essentially enclosures filled mostly with straw, or with feathers for the more affluent. Subsequently, they were filled with all manner of textiles, from cotton to synthetic fibres. Later, beds took the form of rudimentary wooden boxes fitted with a mattress. At that time, the comfort of this piece of furniture depended on one’s social status. Indeed, the wealthiest owned wooden four-poster beds fitted with linen mattresses stuffed with goose or duck down. The middle classes, depending on the region, had cupboard beds – for example, in Brittany, Poitou or Auvergne, or quite simply benches fitted with fine felt mattresses stuffed with carded sheep’s wool, horsehair, or goose or duck feathers. As for the less well-off, they made do with straw mattresses. From the Industrial Revolution to the present day, the bed has undergone further changes. Firstly, its size—which was previously quite small, largely due to people’s stature—has gradually increased. The shape and materials used for this piece of furniture have also changed. Indeed, alongside wood and copper, iron and steel have come into use. The bed base, a rudimentary accessory at first, became more widespread and evolved into slatted, spring-based or mesh-fabric versions. From 1900 onwards, the use of synthetic fibres (viscose, fibranne, rayon or artificial silk) became increasingly common. It is worth noting that beds tended to come in various forms, such as the cage bed and the ‘cosy’. They also took the form of convertible furniture, such as the sofa bed, the armchair bed, the vertical bed, the pull-out bed, the bed with a movable base, and the camp bed.

It is worth taking a closer look at some of these models. For example, the pull-out bed is the perfect piece of furniture for small spaces. Indeed, it can either be used as a standard bed in its initial position, or it can be extended to provide an extra sleeping space. To do this, simply pull out a drawer located beneath the bed base, which contains an extra bed base and a foam mattress. It is worth noting that the mattresses in pull-out beds are flatter and smaller than traditional mattresses. Another very common model is the wooden bed. Various types of wood can be used in its construction, but hardwoods are generally preferred as they ensure strength and durability, given that the bed is subject to daily and intensive use. A solid wood bed, whilst sometimes expensive, is a sturdy piece of furniture which is also aesthetically pleasing, as solid wood retains its natural grain. This bed will complement rustic-style furniture perfectly. A wooden bed will be fitted with either a spring base – which must be used with a spring mattress – or a slatted base.

Bedside table

The word ‘bedside table’ comes from the Latin ‘caput’, meaning ‘head’. Indeed, a bedside table is a small table placed next to the bed at the head end. The height of this piece of furniture is generally limited to what can be reached by hand whilst lying in bed. Originally, its purpose was to hold the chamber pot. Nowadays, the purpose of a bedside table is to store everything one might need whilst falling asleep, whilst asleep or upon waking – such as a lamp, a book, glasses, an alarm clock, a telephone, a glass of water… This bedside table becomes a bedside unit when it is fitted with compartments, drawers or storage areas closed by doors. For double beds, there is usually a bedside unit on either side of the bed. Note that for loft beds, the bedside table is built into the bed.

When choosing a bedside table, the aim is to ensure it complements the bedroom’s décor and furniture as harmoniously as possible. To this end, a variety of materials, shapes and styles are available on the market. A designer bedside table is a piece of furniture whose style reflects current trends. Given the wide range available on the market, the key criteria will be personal taste as well as the existing décor and furniture. You may also wish to consider whether you prefer to prioritise functionality or simply aesthetics. A wooden bedside table suits all styles of furniture. It offers sturdiness and a variety of wood types. Highly prized in Provence, the wrought-iron bedside table – whilst also sturdy – will lend a touch of elegance and lightness to the bedroom décor. It is worth noting that wrought iron is often combined with another material, such as wood or glass. A rattan bedside table will add a touch of exoticism to the décor. This material, which is both malleable and strong, is often used in a woven form. You can find pieces made entirely of rattan or combined with other materials such as glass, wrought iron or other types of wood. A glass bedside table is usually combined with another material, with only the top of the piece made of glass. Care should be taken to ensure the glass is thick enough, as this will guarantee the tabletop’s sturdiness.</p>

Wardrobe

A wardrobe is a piece of furniture, usually made of wood, which is typically found in bedrooms. This piece of furniture, which is closed by doors, consists of a single unit and is of considerable height, which can be emphasised when the wardrobe is fitted with a cornice. The purpose of this piece of furniture is to store clothes or household linen on shelves, in drawers or in hanging compartments. There are three types of wardrobe. The hanging wardrobe, where clothes can be hung; the linen cupboard, fitted with shelves for storing folded linen; and, finally, the combination wardrobe, which serves both purposes and is recommended when there is no chest of drawers. Wardrobe doors are generally double-leaf, known as ‘vantaux’, but there are also four-door wardrobes known as ‘bahuts’. A mirrored wardrobe is a piece of furniture with mirrored doors.

When choosing a wardrobe, one should take into account its dimensions, style and functionality. As regards materials, wood is the preferred choice for the construction of this piece of furniture. This material lends it either a traditional style, through the reproduction of historical designs, or a modern style using woods such as birch, beech or maple bleached with stainless steel. Current colour trends include greys, blues and oranges that allow the wood grain to show through. It is worth noting that if the wardrobe is intended for a small bedroom, it is preferable to choose one made of wood or a light-coloured material, as this will soften the wardrobe’s massive and imposing appearance.

The origin of the word ‘wardrobe’ lies in its original function. Indeed, this piece of furniture was intended for storing weapons. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, a Roman piece of furniture known as an ‘armorium’ appeared. Closed by two hinged doors and fitted with shelves, it was used to store fabrics and clothing. The modern wardrobe is a direct descendant of the armorium. The armorium has a solid appearance, with a wide base, closed by two doors at the top and fitted with drawers at the bottom, and crowned by an imposing cornice that gives it a monumental appearance. It was not until the 16th century that the wardrobe gradually became widespread in homes. At the same time, the sideboard made its appearance. Unlike the cabinet, which was already in production, the sideboard consisted of two sections placed one on top of the other and closed by four doors. The sideboard pioneered the idea of stacking different parts of a piece of furniture. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a period of opulence, the wardrobe, like the rest of the furniture, was valued more for its aesthetic appeal than for its functionality. It was still a two-section sideboard, the lower section of which featured drawers, but here the doors were adorned with glass panels of various shapes or diamond-point reliefs. The cornice also featured very elaborate decoration. As for the cabinet’s edges, they are embellished with pilasters or columns. It is worth noting that, during the same period, André-Charles Boulle gave his name to a technique of veneering furniture using marquetry. In the 18th century, relatively low cupboards, approximately 1 m in height, were produced, adorned with marquetry. The earlier, more imposing cupboard designs remained in use, either painted or with a more understated appearance. Towards the end of the 18th century and at the start of the 19th century, the wardrobe underwent changes. It became less imposing and was adorned either with a display cabinet or a brass latticework. In the second half of the 19th century, the wardrobe was generally fitted with two or even three mirrors. In the first half of the 20th century, the wardrobe blended into the décor, with only its painted or decorated doors standing out. Functionality – and therefore the interior layout – became the priority. Finally, nowadays, the wardrobe is a piece of furniture designed to express not only its functional side but also its aesthetic appeal.

Chest of drawers

A chest of drawers is a piece of furniture that is not very tall, fitted with large drawers at the front and sometimes at the sides, in which linen or various objects can be stored. Some models of chest of drawers are better known than others. This is the case with the chiffonier, which originated during the Regency period. It is distinguished in particular by its shape, being taller than it is wide, and by the fact that its top is usually made of marble. Derived from the chiffonier, the ‘semainier’ is characterised by having seven drawers corresponding to the seven days of the week. The Louis XV chest of drawers represents the pinnacle of this type of furniture. Indeed, during this period, the chest of drawers was at its zenith. We are in the 18th century, when this piece of furniture took on a feminine touch and displayed a harmonious style full of grace, finesse and delicacy. Its shape is rounded and curved, and it is often decorated with marquetry. Less massive than earlier models, Louis XV chests of drawers are made from cherry wood, tulipwood or rosewood. Marble and lacquer are also used on Louis XV chests of drawers.

The chest of drawers dates back to the late 17th century. At that time, it was a new piece of furniture resulting from a combination of a desk, a table, a chest and a cupboard, and its name remained somewhat vague. It was not until 1708 that the term ‘chest of drawers’ first appeared. Shortly afterwards, the ‘tomb-shaped’ chest of drawers made its debut. This piece of furniture is a sort of long chest with baluster or spinning-top-shaped legs, featuring three or four drawers. The ‘tombeau’ chest of drawers is adorned with gilded bronze fittings and has a top made of wood or marble. It is a sturdy and imposing piece of furniture. The tomb-style chest of drawers was followed by another model, which had raised legs, only two drawers and a slimmer profile. At this stage, all these models were finished with a veneer of rosewood, violetwood or amaranth. After this period, the Louis XV chest of drawers marked the height of this piece’s popularity. By the end of the 18th century, the chest of drawers had a more linear shape (although some models were half-moon shaped) and its turned legs were often fluted. During the Directoire period, the chest of drawers featured three or four drawers, and brass fittings had all but disappeared. At the same time, the chest of drawers became widespread throughout the provinces, whereas until then it had been essentially a Parisian piece of furniture. The provincial chest of drawers adopted the Parisian Regency and Louis XV styles in a more austere form. They were made of solid wood such as cherry, walnut or oak. In the 19th century, the evolution of the chest of drawers stagnated. The only notable development was its mass production, made possible by the mechanisation of the manufacturing process. By the end of the 19th century and during the Art Nouveau period, the chest of drawers had fallen out of favour as it ran counter to the principles of that artistic style. However, during the first half of the 20th century, it fitted perfectly with the Art Deco style. Today, the chest of drawers remains a functional piece of furniture that appeals for its storage possibilities.

Desk

The term ‘desk’ derives from the Old French ‘burel’, which referred to a coarse fabric in the Middle Ages. Later, it came to mean a rug and eventually a table used for doing accounts. A desk is a piece of furniture with a tabletop and, depending on the model, may be fitted with drawers, shelves, storage units or removable trays. From the 17th century onwards, various styles of desk began to appear. The best known are the cylindrical desk, the Mazarin desk and the minister’s desk.

Today, the most common are desks designed specifically to accommodate computer equipment, as well as corner desks. The latter can be placed either in the centre of a room or in a corner, if space is limited. This piece of furniture saves space whilst providing the user with a generous work surface. It should be noted that any type of desk should be paired with a high-quality, ergonomic office chair.

Wardrobe and shoe cupboard

A wardrobe or shoe cupboard can hold between six and forty-eight pairs of shoes. This average has been calculated based on a mix of men’s and women’s models. This unit takes up very little space, as its depth averages between 15 and 35 cm. It can therefore be fitted into a narrow hallway. However, as the design of wardrobes and shoe units has evolved, there is no longer a need to hide them away, and they can also be placed in rooms such as the bedroom or the living room.

When it comes to shoe cupboards, there are two mounting options: either a free-standing unit or a wall-mounted one. It should be noted that with the latter option, storage capacity will be reduced due to the unit’s overall weight. Furthermore, shoe cupboards or shoe storage units can now be fitted with features such as drawers, soft-close mechanisms, open shelves or cupboard compartments; features that can make these units ideal pieces for the entrance hall. One final point to bear in mind is the differences between a shoe cupboard and a shoe unit. Of course, a shoe cupboard will offer greater storage capacity, but in terms of design too, a shoe cupboard – with mirrored finishes, for example – will be better suited to being placed in a room other than the entrance hall. This choice will depend above all on your storage needs and the space available for installing the unit.

Children’s bedroom

Bed

Children’s beds generally have a sleeping area measuring 90 cm by 190 cm. Manufacturers now offer a wide choice of materials, colours and shapes. There are also what might be called ‘toy beds’ – that is, beds shaped like a train, a car, a boat, and so on. Bear in mind that the length of these beds is sometimes less than 190 cm. Children’s beds are available in various designs to best meet families’ needs and to make the most of the space allocated to this piece of furniture in a child’s bedroom.

Loft beds are ideal for small bedrooms as they offer a real space-saving solution. The sleeping area is raised, freeing up a considerable amount of space underneath that can accommodate all or part of the rest of the furniture. The loft bed is fitted with a ladder to access the sleeping area or, for a more playful touch, there are models featuring a slide for getting down. Please note that this type of bed is only recommended for children aged five or six and over for obvious safety reasons.

This same advice also applies to bunk beds. This type of bed is used when several children share the same bedroom. Access to the top bunk is also via a ladder and must be fitted with a safety rail. Furthermore, this furniture is long-lasting because, should you move house – for example, after which each child will have their own bedroom – most bunk beds can be converted into two single beds. Finally, some models of bunk beds are fitted with storage drawers beneath the lower bed.

The combination bed is suitable for children aged six and over. This all-in-one piece of furniture cleverly combines all the furniture a child needs. The sleeping area is positioned high up, and underneath or to the sides there is a wardrobe, a desk on castors, storage drawers and a multitude of shelves or cupboards… The combination bed saves space in small bedrooms but also allows the space saved to be dedicated to play, which is a key activity for children.

Bedside table

The bedside table is one of the accessory pieces of furniture in a child’s bedroom. In fact, this piece of furniture is only really necessary for a child from the age of four or five. The bedside table will help them learn to keep their room tidy, and you can place a bedside lamp and other decorative items on its top.

The bedside table may be fitted with internal shelves or drawers. In the latter case, for added safety, it is important to ensure that the drawers have soft-close mechanisms and that they are prevented from opening fully by a stop mechanism. This piece of furniture comes in a wide variety of shapes, colours and materials. However, wood is the most commonly used material for this type of furniture.

Wardrobe

There are many different models of children’s wardrobes: simple, modular or adaptable to grow with the child into adulthood. The choice of wardrobe will depend on the child’s age, the size of their bedroom and the design, which should match the rest of the furniture and the room’s décor. A children’s wardrobe combines functionality with style. Depending on the model, it may feature drawers, adjustable shelves, hanging rails and more. The size of the wardrobe will depend on storage requirements, and you can also choose whether it should have hinged or sliding doors.

Children’s wardrobes are made from a variety of materials, such as solid wood, lacquered wood, wood veneer or even metal. It is worth noting that, for some models, only the frame of the wardrobe is made of wood, and this is covered with a fabric cover. The average price of a children’s wardrobe ranges from 80 to 360 euros. This price will, of course, depend on the quality of the materials used in its manufacture.

Chest of drawers

A chest of drawers is the ideal piece of furniture for limited laundry storage needs or as an additional unit for storing various items (such as toys or books). A chest of drawers can have between two and eight drawers and may feature decorative legs, such as ball-shaped legs. For added safety, and depending on the model, it may be possible to secure the unit to the wall. Children’s chests of drawers generally do not exceed 1 m in width, 90 cm in height and 60 cm in depth.

The most commonly used material for making this piece of furniture is solid wood. Pine is the most widely used type of wood and is available either unfinished or with a natural varnish, or in honey-stained, lacquered or ready-to-paint finishes. Chests of drawers made from woven rattan are becoming increasingly popular. Manufacturers use this material, particularly for the drawer fronts, to enhance the aesthetic appeal. As with children’s wardrobes, there are models of children’s chests of drawers where only the frame is made of solid wood, covered with a fabric covering. The budget required for purchasing a children’s chest of drawers ranges from 50 to 360 euros, with the average price being 250 euros.

Desk

The range offered by manufacturers of children’s desks is very extensive. Indeed, given the wide age range for which this furniture is intended – from young children to teenagers and students – there is a great variety of models. These range from simple small cubes with built-in seats, to desks, corner desks, desks specially designed to fit under a loft bed, or even desks specifically designed to accommodate computer equipment.

Desks come in a multitude of shapes, colours and styles. However, it is important to remember that the primary criterion when choosing a child’s desk is its functionality. Indeed, the child must be able to sit comfortably at it and have easy access to everything they need. With regard to this last point, particular attention should be paid to the desk’s interior layout, namely the presence of drawers, storage units (whether removable or not), and pull-out shelves…

The average dimensions of a child’s desk are 75 cm in height, 1 m in length and between 50 cm and 60 cm in depth. The material used to make a child’s desk is generally solid wood in all its varieties. However, wood veneer is also available. Taking all these factors into account, the price range is quite wide, but it can be estimated that the most basic models will be available for a few tens of euros, whilst the maximum price will not exceed 500 euros.

Chair

A children’s chair is a piece of furniture that allows a child to sit at their desk or table in their bedroom, or even at the coffee table in the living room to draw or play. Children’s chairs come in a wide variety of shapes and colours. Colours range from pastels to brighter shades. Some models feature themed designs, such as animals, football or cartoon characters…

For older children, aged five or six and above, there are typist’s chairs on castors. These benefit from the same attention to design and colour. Furthermore, children’s chairs may or may not have armrests. As for the materials used in these chairs, manufacturers offer chairs made of wood, plastic, metal or rattan.

Table

As children become more independent, they enjoy spending time in their own bedrooms. With this in mind, a children’s table is the ideal piece of furniture. Indeed, this piece, tailored to their height, will allow them to sit comfortably whilst drawing or playing in their bedroom, meaning they will no longer have to sit at the coffee table in the living room. As well as being practical, the table will form part of the bedroom’s décor. Indeed, this piece of furniture is generally very attractive and, what’s more, often comes in bright colours. As for materials, tables are available in painted wood, moulded plastic, rattan or even exotic wood.

Furthermore, some table models designed for very young children feature early learning toys on the tabletop. Other models are fitted with either a lift-up top revealing a storage compartment or drawers for storing pencils, paints, toys and so on… Some tables come with a built-in chair, which can provide a sense of security for the little ones. Finally, it is worth noting that this children’s furniture can be wiped clean with a sponge, with the exception of rattan tables.

Toy chest

If there’s one piece of furniture that’s essential in a child’s bedroom, it’s the toy box. The rectangular shape is the most common for this item, but you can also find round toy boxes, which are often foldable. There are also benches or sofas that double as toy boxes, with a seat that lifts up. Generally, whichever model you choose, it will be fitted with a brake or a stop mechanism to ensure the toy box closes safely.

The most common material used to make toy chests is wood, particularly pine, but they are also available in steel with rounded shapes or in resin. The designs and colours of these pieces vary widely and are usually chosen to match the rest of the bedroom furniture. It is worth noting that, for added practicality, some models of toy chests are fitted with washable covers. Toy chests typically measure between 30 cm and 40 cm in depth, 70 cm in length and a maximum of 50 cm in height. As for round toy boxes, they have a diameter of 70 cm. The price of this piece of furniture ranges from 15 euros to 150 euros.

Complete bedroom set

The furniture and décor in a child’s bedroom are constantly changing as the child grows older. Increasingly, the child’s tastes will need to be taken into account when buying furniture. Furthermore, furniture will need to be adapted or replaced. For example, they’ll move from a cot to a single bed. The night light is replaced by a bedside lamp and/or a desk lamp.

The same applies to playpens, play mats, musical mobiles and soft toys, which are replaced by a desk, a chair, a bedside table, a wardrobe (where a hanging rail is essential) and a large toy chest. The big challenge is to manage, whilst staying within a budget, to ensure the new furniture matches the style of the existing pieces. Perhaps the simplest solution would be to redecorate the bedroom from scratch!

Living room

Sofa

Refers to a sofa, a piece of furniture capable of seating at least two people. The seat of a sofa should be comfortable. It will usually have an armrest on each side. This piece of furniture is typically placed in the living room or lounge. Common terms include ‘canapé’, ‘sofa’ or ‘divan’. Note that the word ‘sofa’ is normally used to refer to a three-seater. Of course, sofas come in a wide variety of materials and shapes. However, there is still a certain classification based on the different models, including, for example, the corner sofa, the straight sofa, the sofa bed, the clic-clac, and, more recently, the BZ bench.

The origins of the sofa date back to the 17th century during the reign of Louis XIII. It was at this time that the first sofa design appeared, which was in fact an armchair. This piece of furniture, of fairly simple design, comprised a wooden frame, upholstered seats and armrests. The whole piece was upholstered in embossed leather, fabric or richly ornamented tapestry. Owing to its comfort, this piece of furniture was typically used for conversation. Subsequently, the Louis XIII style was replaced by Louis XIV-style sofas, characterised by a rigid and austere form. During the Regency period, more recessed armrests and curved legs served to soften this appearance. Already ergonomic, Louis XV-style sofas have curved backs that follow the natural curve of the spine. Furthermore, Louis XV sofas are more refined and comfortable, and above all less bulky. Next came Louis XVI-style sofas, with simple, straight backrests but highly refined decoration. Following these were Directoire-style sofas, which drew direct inspiration from Roman aesthetics. As for Empire-style sofas, these drew their inspiration from Egyptian art. During the Restoration period, the material used to make sofas was primarily light-coloured wood. They were decorated with arabesque patterns in rosewood or amaranth and featured a very soft seat. Later, Art Nouveau applied its concept of curved lines to sofas. In contrast, in the 1920s and 1930s, Art Deco influenced sofa design by introducing simple lines and straight shapes. The vast range of sofas available today is the result of all these eras, each with styles that differ greatly from one another.

With so many different sofa designs available, choosing the right one can seem complicated when buying this piece of furniture. Indeed, it is not enough simply to consider the frame, the finishes or the colours. Firstly, it is important to carefully assess the space allocated to the sofa in the room where it will be placed; this will determine its size. Next, you need to decide how you will use the sofa and therefore which type of sofa will be most suitable: a straight sofa, a corner sofa or a sofa bed. The next consideration is the number of seats the sofa should provide. Bear in mind that, depending on the space available, of course, the more seats there are, the better. Indeed, the sofa is the most frequently used piece of furniture when entertaining family or friends, and it is always difficult to find a seat for everyone. Finally, you’ll need to choose the type of upholstery for the sofa. When it comes to this choice, it’s entirely a matter of personal preference. However, with leather, for example, particular attention should be paid to its quality, and it’s best to opt for full-grain leather. It is worth noting that, finally, you should also consider the sofa’s filling. To ensure high quality, the foam filling should be high-resilience – which provides shape memory – and have a density of 20 kg/m³ or more. Finally, it is worth bearing in mind that it is best to buy a sofa from a shop specialising in this type of furniture. Indeed, you will find a wide range of products there and will be able to get all the advice you need from professionals.

It is worth taking a closer look at a few types of sofas. The corner sofa is a piece of furniture that brings balance to the living room. By definition, this sofa forms a right angle and is usually placed in a corner of the living room. This means it fills the nooks that are usually left empty in a room furnished with a straight sofa. Another significant advantage is that the corner sofa offers far more seating. It is worth noting that this piece of furniture features a right- or left-hand corner and can therefore fit into any layout. The corner sofa creates a cosy atmosphere and offers plenty of comfort.

The sofa bed is a 2-in-1 piece of furniture that serves both as a sofa and a bed. It is particularly suitable for small spaces where layout is an issue. It can be used occasionally or regularly. In the latter case, you should choose a sofa with a quick and easy opening mechanism. Furthermore, you should pay attention to the quality of the mattress in terms of its thickness and filling density. A good mattress should be at least 6 cm thick and, ideally, filled with high-resilience foam.

A leather sofa is certainly one of the most comfortable pieces of furniture, with the most robust and therefore durable upholstery. The ideal choice in this regard is full-grain leather, dyed throughout in aniline vats. However, for a lower cost, semi-full-grain leather may be a suitable alternative. On the other hand, it is best to avoid choosing a sofa made from split leather. This is because it is leather taken from the lower part of the hide and will be fragile. Other leathers to avoid include PVC leather and re-printed leather, which are also of poor quality. Finally, it is important to remember that even a sofa with top-quality leather upholstery will require regular, proper care.

Among fabric sofas, there are microfibre sofas. Microfibre is a synthetic fabric that has been spun very tightly. As a result, this type of upholstery is particularly resistant to dust and stains. Furthermore, a fabric sofa will provide excellent comfort and add a touch of style to the living room. For day-to-day care of this piece of furniture, use a soft-bristled brush, followed by a hoover to remove dust. To remove a stain, place a paper towel on top to blot it up, then apply a suitable stain remover and, finally, rinse and dry. From time to time, you can carry out a more thorough clean using a liquid furniture shampoo or dry foam, after which you should rinse and leave it to dry.

Sofa bed

The clic-clac is a type of sofa bed with a metal frame. To unfold it and convert it into a bed, simply push the backrest forward until it clicks into place, then pull it back. The characteristic sound of this opening mechanism (a ‘click’ followed by a ‘clack’) is where the name of this piece of furniture comes from. A sofa bed can be very comfortable, provided you choose a high-quality piece. It is particularly important to check the density of the foam, as this will determine not only the comfort of the seat but also that of the sleeping surface.

A clic-clac may be fitted with armrests, headrests or cushions. Some models even feature a storage drawer where you can store, for example, night-time pillows and other cushions. As with any sofa, you should pay close attention to the quality of the upholstery, but above all, you must ensure the frame is sturdy, as this forms the very backbone of the sofa bed. The sofa bed must be able to support a weight of 150 kilos.

BZ bench

The BZ sofa is another type of convertible sofa. Unfolding the BZ sofa is very straightforward. It unfolds in three sections, like the three parts of a ‘Z’ or like an accordion. Unlike a sofa bed, when you are lying down on a BZ sofa, you are facing the same direction as when seated. This is a definite advantage because, whatever the position of the BZ sofa, the total weight to be supported is always distributed evenly across the entire surface of the furniture. Wear and tear is therefore not always concentrated in the same place.

Before buying a BZ sofa, there are a number of questions to consider. Firstly, the space available for installing the sofa. A BZ sofa takes up very little space, though this will depend on the model chosen. The single-seater BZ sofa bed – also known as a BZ armchair or BZ chaise longue – provides a sleeping area measuring 80 cm x 190 cm or 200 cm. The two-seater BZ sofa bed provides a sleeping area of 120 cm x 190 cm or 200 cm, or 140 cm x 190 cm or 200 cm. The three-seater BZ sofa bed offers a sleeping area of 160 cm x 190 cm or 200 cm. Some BZ sofa bed models are fitted with a storage drawer for keeping useful items for the night. The choice of size will determine not only the price of the BZ sofa bed but also the quality level selected. The starting price for this piece of furniture ranges from 160 euros to 300 euros.

As for the BZ sofa’s upholstery, there is an endless variety of colours and patterns available for the cover. You can therefore easily match it to the décor of the room where it will be placed. However, it’s worth noting that it’s very easy to change the cover on your BZ sofa bed. In fact, for as little as 30 euros, you can buy a new cover from any retailer specialising in this type of furniture.

Finally, it is important to take a close look at a very important feature of the BZ sofa bed: the mattress. Before deciding on a particular model, you should first consider the specific use of the BZ sofa bed. Namely, whether the BZ sofa bed will mostly be used as a sofa or, conversely, whether its sleeping function will be the most common use. If so, how often will it be used: daily or occasionally? Once you’ve answered these questions, you’ll need to base your choice on three criteria. The first relates to the mattress material, which, in ascending order of comfort, can be foam, Bultex or latex. The best value-for-money option is the Bultex mattress. The second criterion relates to the mattress’s density, which ranges from 20 to 28 kg/m³ for foam, 30 to 35 kg/m³ for Bultex and over 60 kg/m³ for latex. A density of at least 28 kg/m³ seems to be the minimum. The third and final criterion to consider is the thickness of the mattress. This ranges from 8 cm to 12 cm. This last point is particularly important for foam mattresses, in which case a thickness of at least 10 cm is required.

Armchair

An armchair is a piece of furniture that belongs to the seating family. It is particularly comfortable and is a single-seater. An armchair consists of a base, a seat, a backrest and armrests. Traditional armchairs are upholstered with horsehair or springs, whilst more contemporary designs generally use synthetic foams.

The word ‘armchair’ first appeared in 1636. Prior to that, the terms ‘caquetoire’, ‘chair’, ‘chaire’ or ‘faudesteuil’ were used. In the 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIII, there were two categories of armchairs. One was intended for work or meals and featured a low backrest, whilst the other was designed for resting and had a higher backrest. The legs were either beaded or spiral-shaped and made of turned wood. This base was reinforced by an ‘H’-shaped brace. The armrests were straight and flat.

During the reign of Louis XIV, this piece of furniture evolved, with the backrest becoming taller and more reclined. The width and depth of the seat increased. At this time, the ‘sheep’s bone’-shaped base was particularly popular. The crossbar resembled an ‘X’. As for the armrests, they were rounder. During the Regency period, comfort was emphasised and the decoration became more refined; the wood was delicately carved and the upholstery was more understated. The backrest returned to a more vertical position. It was lower and curved. There was no longer a crossbar and the legs were curved. The spacing between the armrests is greater, reflecting the women’s fashion of the time. The backrest of Louis XV armchairs forms a hollow, and the armrests are becoming increasingly smaller. The delicacy of the moulded or carved decorations is emphasised. The legs are curved.

During this period, an innovation emerged. Indeed, this piece of furniture was increasingly being painted. For this, bright colours such as blue, white or even light green were used. During the Transition period, the armchair featured two contrasting designs, with the legs and backrest set in opposition. If one of these two elements was rounded or curved, the other would be more linear in shape, and vice versa. Following on from these traditional armchairs, which remained in use until the early 20th century, the Art Deco movement took hold of this piece of furniture and applied its principles, inspired by Cubism, favouring simple lines and straight shapes.

There is a wide variety of armchair designs. However, some are more common than others. First and foremost is the bergère, an armchair dating from 1720 with a padded backrest, featuring side panels, armrests and cushions on the seat. Its shapes and designs have evolved over the centuries. More rounded during the reign of Louis XV, it took on a more austere appearance under Louis XVI, and its size was reduced during the 19th century. Even today, one can still find Marie-Antoinette, Pompadour, gondola, wingback and lambrequin bergères. Another very well-known piece of furniture is the club chair. It dates from the early 20th century and was known at the time as the ‘comfortable armchair’. Its designs varied considerably during the Art Nouveau and Art Deco periods, and the range of styles continued to expand after the Second World War. Classified according to the shape of the backrest, examples include the ‘moustache’ club chair and the ‘gendarme’s hat’ club chair. However, the most common and widely available form today is a very rounded design. Originally, the seat, backrest and armrests of this piece of furniture were fitted with biconical springs and upholstered with vegetable horsehair. Later, no-sag springs or elastic straps were used, and the padding was made of synthetic foam. The upholstery has also changed over the years. Club armchairs have been available in imitation leather, velvet, calfskin or bycast. However, the upholstery that is the true hallmark of the club armchair is lambskin. This is a very fine-grained sheepskin which, over time, gives this piece of furniture a distinctive patina.</p>

Pouf

A pouffe is a small seat consisting of a cover stuffed with various materials, which is placed in the living room. Its name is reminiscent of the sound heard when someone sits on it. The pouffe is the perfect complement to armchairs or a sofa. It can serve as a seat in its own right, be used as a footrest or be transformed into a side table.

The term ‘pouf’ derives from Arabic and Ottoman languages. Originally, the pouf came from the Middle East and the Maghreb. It is a simple cushion, without armrests or a backrest, which allows one to sit close to the floor around a table and help oneself to the single dish placed on it. In Morocco, one can buy leather poufs decorated with local designs which are ‘hollow’. They are stuffed with old newspapers and rags. This piece of furniture first appeared in France in the 19th century. Its appearance was somewhat different, as it was, in fact, a low stool whose legs were concealed by the fabric and ruffles with which it was covered. However, by the end of the 19th century, the pouffe had become increasingly popular and is now an integral part of everyday furniture. It is worth noting that pouffes, like other pieces of furniture, follow trends, which is why we now find pouffes made from recycled materials or natural fibres.

The shapes, colours, sizes and materials available on the market are extremely varied. When it comes to shapes, you can choose between the classic pouffe – that is, flat and cylindrical – the Moroccan pouffe, or round, square or even pear-shaped pouffes. At present, most models of this piece of furniture are filled with polystyrene beads or other synthetic beads, which allow the pouffe to mould perfectly to the position chosen by the person sitting on it. As for the upholstery, the most popular choices are leather and fabric, but you can also find plastic covers and fabrics made from cotton or polyamide.

Coffee table

The coffee table, also known as a living room table, is low in height so that people sitting around it on armchairs or sofas can reach for or put down whatever they need. This piece of furniture consists of a tabletop resting on a base and may feature drawers, shelves or storage compartments. As well as being practical, the coffee table can serve a decorative purpose; in this case, it might be used to display ornaments, flowers and the like.

Coffee tables come in all the usual shapes, but also in more unusual forms such as oval, pebble-shaped or other designs inspired by designers. As for materials, the most commonly used is wood, such as teak, oak, pine, mahogany or wenge. The advantage is that a wooden coffee table will suit any interior scheme. A wrought-iron coffee table will lend a sense of lightness to the piece and allow for original shapes. Elegance and refinement are the hallmarks of a glass coffee table. Colourfully lacquered coffee tables will brighten up the living room. And finally, woven tables will create a soothing atmosphere and add a touch of exoticism to the room.

Living room

Dining table

A table is a piece of furniture consisting of a tabletop resting on four legs or a single, solid base. Tables were originally used for eating meals. This concept dates back to the Middle Ages. At that time, tables consisted of a removable tabletop, often made from wooden slats, which was placed on trestles. This was because people were not yet entirely settled, and furniture was carried with them whenever they moved on. It is worth noting that this is the origin of the expression ‘to set the table’, which at the time took on its full meaning. Intended for domestic use, the table combines functionality with aesthetic appeal and is generally paired with a set of chairs. Depending on the period, the table was the focus of craftsmanship or, later, of industry. The concept of the table encompasses two implicit elements: the dining party – that is, the group of guests – and the contents of the table. Throughout the ages, and even more so today, the dining table is a piece of furniture that brings people together.

Tables are made according to their intended use and people’s habits. There is a difference between a dining table and a kitchen table. Similarly, the design of this piece of furniture will vary depending on whether one is seated on a chair, reclining on a sofa, or squatting on cushions or sofas. Dining tables also come in all shapes and sizes. As for materials, the range is quite extensive, but the most common are wood, glass, plastic or metal. Finally, depending on the model, the table may be fitted with extension leaves, storage drawers, a height-adjustment system, folding legs, or even be able to fold away or hang against a wall.

Side table

A console table is regarded as a side table. Intended for domestic use, it is usually placed along a wall, most often in the dining room or living room. Its most common use is to display all manner of decorative objects, given that it is itself an attractive piece of furniture designed to complement the rest of the room’s décor. If necessary, the console table can be moved, but will be returned to its original position immediately after use.

The origins of console tables date back to the reign of Louis XIV; they are made of carved, painted or gilded wood. Their tops are made of marble. During this period, the decoration of this piece of furniture was very elaborate. Notable features include mascarons or acanthus leaves; the central band is adorned with a head in relief; the top is embellished with foliage; the legs are candelabra-style or curved; and the crossbar is decorated with a vase. During the Regency and the reign of Louis XV, the console table was at the height of its popularity. Its ornamentation was even more pronounced and its legs were generally ‘S’-shaped. During the reign of Louis XVI, the console table’s appearance became more understated. Adorned with bronze fittings, it was made of mahogany and finished in light colours. The major innovation was that certain models featured a lower shelf connecting the legs. The ‘serving console’ or ‘servant console’ was born. In the 19th century, the design of this piece of furniture was influenced by Greek, Roman and Egyptian styles. The console table is rectangular and imposing; the bronze fittings are still present; its top is made of marble or wood; its legs are column-shaped or feature caryatids in sheathed forms; and it is fitted with a drawer running along the base.

Chair

The chair is a piece of furniture designed for sitting. It consists of a seat with average dimensions of 45 cm to 55 cm, four legs—sometimes reinforced by a crossbar—and, on occasion, armrests and a backrest. Depending on the design, the backrest may be separated from the seat by a gap to allow for ventilation, but it may also extend higher than the height of the head. The chair may be accompanied by accessories such as a footrest known as an ‘ottoman’ or a headrest. It is worth noting that, since 2008, the chair has been the symbol of the ‘Interval’ festival in La Rochelle.

The chair first appeared in the most opulent homes during the Renaissance. It was not until the 18th century that this piece of furniture became more widespread. During the Renaissance, the chair featured a small backrest, a feature it retained under Louis XIII, but it became more comfortable as it was padded with rushes or horsehair balls encased in fabric, tapestry or leather. The chair retains its original turned wooden armrests, and its legs – reinforced by an ‘H’-shaped brace – are also made of turned wood, though they may also take the form of a rosary or a spiral column. During the reign of Louis XIV, the size of the backrest and seat increased. The ‘sheep’s bone’ base was in vogue and, more generally, was more elaborately crafted, with its crossbar taking the shape of an ‘X’. During the Regency period, the chair became less massive and took on a more curved shape, except for the backrest, which remained vertical and small. The legs were curved and, gradually, came to lack crossbars. The Louis XV style would emphasise the Regency aesthetic, including the backrest, which became concave from 1730 onwards. There were no significant developments during the periods that followed, apart from a few aesthetic changes.

Throughout the history of the chair, there have been countless different models, sometimes resulting from a specific purpose or innovative features. This is the case with the folding chair, whose origins date back to Antiquity and of which the finest example is the ‘curule’ chair, reserved for magistrates of the Roman Republic, who could thus fold up and carry their chair. In the Middle Ages, the folding chair was commonly used as a piece of liturgical furniture. Nowadays, the folding chair is designed to be folded for ease of transport. To this end, it must be lightweight and easy to store. The folding chair is generally used as an extra seat.

Sideboard

A sideboard is a piece of furniture that is not very tall, featuring two or three doors, and designed for storing crockery. Some models are complemented by a second piece of furniture placed on top of the first, which is shallower. In this type of unit, the top section is reserved for storing glasses. The sideboard is primarily intended as a functional piece of furniture for the dining room. Whilst traditionally rustic in style, there are now sideboards available in very stylish designs. The best-known variations on the sideboard include the silver cabinet, the credenza, the serving trolley, the china cabinet, the display cabinet, the linen cupboard and the chest.

The ‘bahut’ was originally a leather travelling chest with a domed lid, used to carry all the belongings of people who had not yet settled in one place. The bonnetière originated in Normandy and, following its heyday in the 18th century, spread to neighbouring regions and then to the rest of the country. Its name derives from its intended use. Indeed, it was designed to store headdresses and bonnets. Midway in size between a chest of drawers and a wardrobe, the bonnetière has a single door, is fitted with shelves and is topped with a cornice. It is a highly regional piece of furniture, which is why models are found in natural wood, ranging from simple to more sophisticated designs.

Bookcase

A bookcase is a piece of furniture fitted with shelves designed to hold books or even a few decorative items. The shelves may be adjustable so that the spacing between them can be altered. For added security, bookcases are usually anchored to the wall or floor. Some bookcase models have doors, which prevent light, damp or dust from damaging the books. These doors are either openwork or glazed so that the titles of the books can be seen. Originally, books were stacked in bookcases or stood upright, but with the spine facing forwards, as the book’s title was inscribed there on the clasp or on a strip of leather, vellum or parchment. It was only with the invention of the printing press – which led to a proliferation of printed editions – that the title came to be printed on the spine of the book and the practice of arranging books with their spines facing the front of the bookcase became established.

For a long time, the material used to make bookcases was primarily oak, and this timber remains very common on the market today. England boasts some very old bookcases, notably at the University of Oxford, which were installed in 1598–1599. In France, during the 18th century, bookcases were intricately crafted. They were made from fine woods such as mahogany and rosewood, and were adorned with chiselled or repoussé bronze. In the 20th century, public libraries became widespread and were brimming with books. The furniture was therefore adapted, and one can find, for example, at the British Museum, an iron bookcase with shelves covered in cowhide; at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., the bookcases are made of steel; and at the Fitzwilliam Library in Cambridge, the bookcase is made of slate.

TV stand

The market for TV stands has grown enormously in recent years. Indeed, most homes are equipped not only with televisions but also with peripheral devices that need to be stored away (DVD players, hard-disc recorders, games consoles, etc.). The TV stand has therefore become essential, and it is important to choose the one that best meets your needs. Firstly, the TV stand’s footprint must be suited to the size of the room, whilst its dimensions must be sufficient to accommodate the television, taking into account both its size and weight. As for peripherals, the TV stand must be able to accommodate them all whilst also concealing all connection cables in hatches or cable management channels. Of course, you must also give careful thought to the TV stand’s location. It is advisable to position your television at a distance from the sofa equal to three or four times the height of its screen. Furthermore, the space set aside for the TV stand must be large enough to ensure that the screen placed on top is properly ventilated. Finally, the TV stand must also be positioned near the aerial socket for obvious reasons.

A TV stand should be attractive, functional and also very sturdy. Indeed, the total weight of the equipment it has to support can sometimes be considerable. TV stands are available in wood, metal or glass. There are two main types of TV stand: floor-standing or wall-mounted. In the first case, you can choose a TV stand with or without castors. In the second case, you’ll need to choose a wall mount depending on the weight and size of the television. You should also pay attention to the mounting system. A flush-mounting system leaves a slight gap between the screen and the wall, whilst an articulated system allows greater freedom in terms of how far the TV can be positioned from the wall. It is worth noting that there are also corner TV stands which offer real space-saving benefits whilst ensuring a perfect fit. TV stands are also available with doors or shelves. A TV stand with doors will conceal the various items stored inside, but will require more space for the doors to open. However, sliding doors can be a good compromise. It’s worth noting that there are also bookcase-style TV stands designed for storing CDs or DVDs.

Kitchen

Kitchen units

Kitchen units are essential for storing crockery, cookware, cleaning products and foodstuffs. Four main functions define the kitchen: food preparation, food storage, cooking and maintenance. Kitchen units are made from a variety of materials.

Melamine, which can be lacquered or spray-painted in any colour, is ideal for kitchen units. It has the advantage of being easy to maintain, robust and inexpensive, and is available in a wide range of colours, including bright shades in the case of Formica. Its main drawback is its lack of character, as well as the fact that it will eventually deteriorate or the paint will flake off.

Metal, provided it is combined with wood, concrete or stone to soften the look of the room. Its advantages include being hygienic, sturdy, refined and understated, and, in the case of polished metal such as stainless steel, reflecting light beautifully. Its main drawback is that it is quite expensive and also tends to show dirt easily.

Glass can be combined with wood or metal. Care must be taken to ensure that it is toughened glass and that the edges are rounded for greater safety. Glass has the advantage of being easy to maintain, having a very contemporary look, being robust and hygienic, and, furthermore, by reflecting light, it makes the living space feel more spacious. On the other hand, glass is delicate, particularly around the edges, and it is quite expensive.

Wood blends very well with metal, glass and stone. The advantage of wood is that it is easy to maintain and lends a cosy atmosphere to the room. You can also choose its colour, whether natural or painted. Solid wood will be expensive, whereas veneered wood will be cheaper, but the quality and durability will not be the same.

Base units are installed beneath the worktop and are fitted with drawers, runners or shelves. Some base units are designed to house an oven or a sink and are therefore fitted with shelves, hinges and runners accordingly. The average height of base units is 68 cm to 75 cm, bearing in mind that the worktop is approximately 92 cm above the floor. The different models include classic base units with widths ranging from 30 cm to 60 cm or from 80 cm to 120 cm, under-sink base units with widths ranging from 80 cm to 120 cm, low storage units with two to three drawers, ranging in width from 40 cm to 120 cm, five to six drawers, ranging in width from 40 cm to 60 cm; or shallow base units ranging in width from 30 cm to 120 cm. It should be noted that certain models of base kitchen units are specially manufactured for their intended purpose. These are units used to store bread, spices or bottles. They are 30 cm wide.

Wall units are positioned above the worktop and can accommodate a microwave, a dish drainer or lighting to illuminate the worktop. The average height of wall units is between 70 cm and 90 cm. The different models include classic wall units ranging in width from 30 cm to 100 cm, glass-fronted wall units ranging in width from 40 cm to 100 cm, hinged-door wall units ranging from 60 cm to 100 cm in width, wall units for hoods (cap-style or telescopic) with a width to match that of standard hoods, which is 60 cm, or wall units for microwaves with a width of 60 cm, corresponding to the average dimensions of this appliance. It is worth noting that there are wall-mounted kitchen units with drainer racks, which are very practical where there is no dishwasher and for confined spaces.

90° corner kitchen units are designed to be fitted either under or above the worktop, thereby filling the gaps in the corners of the room whilst ensuring the continuity of the worktop. 90° corner base units are on average between 68 cm and 75 cm high. There are classic 90° corner base units, swivel units or under-sink units with a shelf. All these models measure 90 cm by 90 cm. 90° corner wall units are on average between 70 cm and 90 cm high. There are classic 90° corner wall units and swivel-door 90° corner wall units, all measuring 65 cm by 65 cm.

Kitchen storage cupboards are units ranging in height from 210 cm to 230 cm, extending from the base of the base units to the top of the wall units. Standard kitchen storage cupboards are available in widths ranging from 40 cm to 60 cm. There are also telescopic kitchen storage cupboards on runners, which are 30 cm to 40 cm wide.

Appliance units are units into which domestic appliances are built-in, and they are between 210 cm and 230 cm high. There are kitchen cupboards designed for ovens or microwaves and for fridges, 60 cm wide. It is worth noting that there are also shorter kitchen cupboards, 140 cm high and 60 cm wide.

Serving trolley

The kitchen sideboard is a true piece of occasional furniture. Its most common use is to provide extra space when setting or clearing the table, particularly when the kitchen is some distance from the dining room or living room. However, a kitchen sideboard can also provide additional storage space, either within the kitchen itself or during entertaining when space is limited.

The kitchen sideboard is a functional piece of furniture that usually comprises at least two levels, which, depending on the model, may feature compartments, baskets or storage drawers. The distinctive feature of this piece of furniture is its mobility, which is why it is fitted with castors. As for the materials used to make kitchen trolleys, the market offers options such as wood, metal (such as stainless steel) or glass.

Bar stool

A stool consists of a seat resting on three or four legs. As it has no backrest, a stool does not provide a relaxed or reclining seat. It can be used as an occasional seat. There are tall stools known as bar stools. In addition to the seat, the bar stool has tall legs and, depending on the model, backrests and footrests. Generally, this piece of furniture also features a height-adjustment mechanism and can swivel.

It was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that the bar stool became increasingly popular, largely due to the ever-growing number of people frequenting drinking establishments. The bar stool is the ideal and natural accessory for a bar. From these establishments, this piece of furniture found its way into homes. This shift was encouraged by the growing popularity of ‘American-style’ kitchens, which featured a raised worktop where meals could be eaten whilst seated on a bar stool.

The styles and shapes of bar stools have evolved in line with current trends. There are more classic models or, conversely, very contemporary ones, such as those in the Art Deco style. As for the materials used to make this piece of furniture, they are very varied. Bar stools are available in wood, metal (steel, cast iron, anodised aluminium) or plastic. The seats are made of foam and upholstered in leather or imitation leather. It is worth noting that the frame of a bar stool is usually chrome-plated.

Garden furniture

Garden furniture

Garden furniture is a set of pieces designed for outdoor use. It may consist of a table accompanied by chairs, armchairs, benches or pouffes. The table is the main piece of garden furniture. It can be round, square, oval or polygonal. The average number of chairs or armchairs is six to eight. The armchairs may be upholstered. The chairs may be rocking or folding. Garden furniture should be easy to move, for example for storage during the winter months, but also so that it can be set up wherever you like: under a porch, a conservatory, a arbour or by the pool… However, to avoid having to assemble and dismantle the set each season, protective covers are available. It is worth noting that, for everyone’s peace of mind, you can add a children’s garden furniture set to the adult-sized set.

Before buying garden furniture, there are a few things to bear in mind. Firstly, the space available in the garden and the amount of room you regularly need around the table – this will determine not only the table’s dimensions but also the number of chairs to buy. You’ll also need to take this space requirement into account for future off-season storage. The second factor to consider is the local climate. This should influence not only the choice of materials but also the colour scheme. Indeed, depending on the circumstances, garden furniture is intended to remain outdoors for part of the year or even the whole year. Fluctuations in temperature, exposure to rain or sunlight, or even frost will eventually cause the furniture to deteriorate. Finally, you should also find out about the durability of the garden furniture, its average lifespan in relation to its price, and how much maintenance it requires.

Garden furniture can have a romantic, authentic, rustic or exotic feel. Designers are constantly creating truly innovative furniture designs or drawing inspiration from garden furniture of bygone eras. The current trend favours combinations of wood and metal, as well as vibrant colours and imaginative decorations. Mixing colours, styles and materials is very much in vogue.

The materials used for garden furniture are very diverse, each offering either durability, aesthetic appeal, ease of maintenance or a distinctive atmosphere. Wooden garden furniture is available in many different types of wood, such as teak, oak, acacia, mahogany, pine and cedar… Garden furniture made from natural stone includes pieces in ceramic, slate or marble, and may also feature mosaic designs. The range of metal garden furniture is quite extensive. It includes wrought iron, aluminium and stainless steel. There are also garden furniture sets made from wicker, bamboo or rattan. However, some of these materials, such as wicker, are used only for specific parts of the set, such as chairs or table legs. In the same vein, there are garden furniture sets made from synthetic wicker or resin. The designers of these pieces have succeeded in creating materials that closely resemble natural materials but are much more durable. And finally, there are garden furniture sets made from synthetic resin.

Table

The garden table is the centrepiece of any garden furniture set. Your choice of table will determine the rest of the furniture that accompanies it. There are many different models available, and you can choose the size, style, colour, shape or material. To do this, two important criteria must be taken into account: the space available for the table and the number of seats around it. As for the number of guests, tables are available to seat between six and 12 people. They may be fitted with extension leaves. It is worth noting that there are very practical folding tables, particularly for winter storage, or extendable tables fitted with butterfly extensions that fold away under the tabletop. It is also worth adding that the style of the table can be adapted to suit the garden’s overall atmosphere. Indeed, aluminium will look great in a modern garden, wrought iron will suit a romantic garden, whilst wood will fit perfectly into a more natural garden. Finally, it is worth noting that the current trend is towards polyester and textilene, which are highly durable.

There is a wide variety of materials used to make garden tables. These include wood – particularly teak, which is highly prized for its sturdiness and exotic appeal – iron, plastic, glass, stone or concrete – for which you must choose the location carefully, as it will be permanent due to its weight – aluminium, which may or may not be lacquered, or even steel … As for the budget required to purchase this piece of furniture, you should expect to pay between 500 and 1,500 euros for a model such as a round table made of solid teak with a rotating top.

Serving trolley

A garden serving trolley is a piece of furniture comprising one or more trays fitted with various storage accessories. What makes a serving trolley unique is that it is mobile and therefore fitted with castors. Eating meals in the garden involves carrying lots of things: crockery, food, bottles, table linen… You lose count of the number of trips back and forth. The garden serving trolley is the perfect piece of furniture for the job. As well as this use, the garden serving trolley can be used as a small side table or even as a mobile worktop.

As for the materials used in the design of the garden serving trolley, wrought iron and teak are particularly noteworthy. Wrought iron lends this piece of furniture a sense of finesse, elegance and lightness. A wrought-iron garden serving trolley will have a contemporary style. Teak is particularly prized for its strength, its durability over time and its resistance to the elements. With its pleasing aesthetic, a teak side table will also blend in very well with other garden furniture made from different materials.

Bar

At present, the garden bar is a very fashionable piece of furniture. Attractive and inviting, it is, above all, highly functional. Indeed, just like a garden sideboard, a garden bar saves you from having to make repeated trips into the house every time you fancy a cold drink or a snack. The interior layout of garden bars varies depending on the model, but generally they all have space for bottles and glasses and are even equipped to keep ice cubes chilled. It’s worth noting that a garden bar can, of course, be paired with bar stools arranged around it.

To choose the right garden bar, you should start by determining your needs and, consequently, the size of the unit. Next, you need to consider the storage options. There should be plenty of varied storage space to accommodate all types of glasses and bottles, as well as food items such as savoury snacks, or even a few napkins or kitchen roll. Then, you need to consider its practicality. Indeed, this type of furniture must be easily accessible as it will be used frequently throughout the day, and it must have a good surface where people can set down their glasses. It is worth noting that some garden bar models are foldable. Finally, you may also want to consider whether or not you’ll need to move this piece of furniture, as some garden bar models are fitted with castors to make it easier to move or store away at the end of the season. On this last point, it’s worth noting that protective covers are available for garden bars during the winter months. As for materials, the current trend favours iron, resin and wood, particularly teak, which is becoming increasingly popular.

Chair

A garden chair consists of a seat, a backrest and four legs. This piece of furniture is, in principle, intended to be placed around a garden table. You should therefore bear in mind that the style of the whole set must match. Garden chairs come in a variety of shapes. The advantage of a garden chair is that it takes up much less space than a garden armchair, meaning you can seat more guests around the table. It is worth noting that there are folding or stackable garden chairs, which are very practical when it comes to storing them away for the winter.

The factors to consider when choosing a garden chair are appearance, comfort, material and budget. You should therefore start by choosing the size. Next, take a close look at its sturdiness, bearing in mind that a slightly higher initial investment may prove worthwhile in the long run. As for comfort, it’s worth noting that some garden chair models come with small armrests, and you may wish to add cushions to the chair. As for maintaining this furniture, this will depend on the material chosen, but you can always prevent or slow down wear and tear by using protective covers.

The materials used in the design of this furniture include aluminium, wood, resin, wrought iron, metal and PVC. Currently, the material gaining popularity is woven resin. This is a synthetic fibre that covers an aluminium frame. It has the advantage of being comfortable, sturdy and easy to maintain. Wood remains a popular choice, with species such as oak, cedar, mahogany and, above all, teak. Teak is a very robust wood and adds a touch of exoticism. Wrought iron is very romantic and durable, but it is a heavy material and not very comfortable. On the other hand, an aluminium garden chair will be very light and will lend a very contemporary look. Aluminium is a sturdy and low-maintenance material.

Bench

The bench is a piece of furniture dating back to the Middle Ages. At that time, it was the only known form of seating alongside the stool. The different parts of a bench are the seat, the backrest and the armrests. However, the backrest is optional and, in this case, the piece is referred to as a bench seat. The bench is a very sociable piece of furniture as it allows several people to sit side by side. Depending on the model, garden benches range in depth from 55 cm to 70 cm and in width from 125 cm to 150 cm. A garden bench can be placed in various spots in the garden: either at the edge of a path, or in a particularly pleasant spot that will gradually become a cosy place for socialising and chatting, or on a slight rise from which you can admire the view or keep an eye on children playing outside. There are various styles of garden bench, such as the curved bench, the storage bench, the covered bench or the corner bench.

To choose the garden bench that best suits your needs, you need to answer a few questions. The first is how many seats you want, which will determine the dimensions of the garden bench. The second question is what level of comfort you’re looking for in this piece of furniture – for example, whether it should have armrests or not, a backrest or not, or be fitted with cushions. The third important factor to consider is its sturdiness and, consequently, its durability over time. Finally, you may also wish to consider the maintenance requirements for each material.

Originally, a bench was a seat made of wood, stone or iron. Bearing in mind that it is a piece of furniture that will be exposed to the elements, the range of materials has expanded. Nowadays, garden benches are available in wood, resin, metal, concrete, plastic or wrought iron. Plastic garden benches are particularly resistant to damage caused by rain or mould. For a wooden garden bench, you could opt for teak, which is very exotic, very robust and easy to maintain. However, you could also opt for red cedar which, contrary to what its name suggests, comes in a range of colours from saffron yellow to chocolate brown, which over time turns a reddish-brown. Red cedar requires no maintenance and is virtually imperishable.

Armchair

The garden armchair is a very comfortable piece of furniture. It always has armrests, and its seat is spacious and not very high. Some models of garden armchairs are stackable, which is very practical for winter storage, whilst others are foldable, making them easy to store whilst also offering the user a variety of backrest positions.

As for the materials used to make garden armchairs, these include wood – particularly teak – woven resin, aluminium, wicker or natural rattan and, more recently, synthetic wicker or rattan. Natural wicker and rattan are very refined materials. Synthetic wicker and rattan add the element of durability that was previously lacking. Woven resin is a synthetic fibre that covers an aluminium frame. A woven resin garden chair will be durable, comfortable and easy to maintain. An aluminium garden chair will have a very modern look. Its sturdiness and ease of maintenance will be much appreciated. It is worth noting that aluminium combines very well with wood. Finally, there are wooden garden armchairs – particularly those made of teak, which is prized for its exotic appeal, sturdiness, durability, ease of maintenance and colour.</p>

Pouf

A garden pouffe is more like a large cushion than a piece of furniture. It consists of a cover filled with an infinite number of synthetic microbeads, up to 400 litres. This filling ensures that the garden beanbag moulds to the body whatever the posture. Garden beanbags are generally large, measuring up to 140 cm x 190 cm. These features mean that, on a garden beanbag, the user can adopt any position and always be comfortable, whether sitting, lying down or relaxing. This piece of furniture has no fixed place in the garden, so it can be placed wherever you like and, to do so, dragged along using the strap it is fitted with. It can, however, be used to supplement a sofa or armchairs as an extra seat around the table.

The coverings on garden beanbags are particularly weather-resistant, not least because they are dragged along when being moved. The fastening systems on garden beanbags are very secure, ensuring that the microbead filling stays inside. Garden beanbags generally come in bright colours. Maintaining garden beanbags is very straightforward thanks to the qualities of their cover. Fatboy is a leading manufacturer of garden beanbags. Indeed, this type of furniture is becoming increasingly popular, and Fatboy therefore offers a wide range of products, such as its very sturdy ‘Original’ model, or its impressively large ‘Outdoor’ model, not to mention the junior garden pouffe models designed for children.

Sun lounger

The origins of the sun lounger date back to the era when transatlantic cruises first began. Indeed, this piece of furniture was placed on the various decks of the ship and was intended for passengers to rest on. Over time, the sun lounger has appeared in various settings, particularly in gardens. A sun lounger is a type of seat on which the user lies fully reclined, with their legs fully extended. Its backrest is reclined and offers multiple positions. A sun lounger may be made from a solid material or consist of a frame supporting a piece of fabric. Various types of sun lounger are available on the market, such as straight, curved, foldable, adjustable, fixed or mobile models, the latter featuring castors attached to the underside.

For greater clarity, it is possible to define three main types of sun lounger based on the terms used. There is the chaise longue, made from a wooden or metal frame with a fabric seat. Then there is the ‘chilienne’, which is typically one metre in length but can be extended by adding a removable footrest of around 40 cm. This piece of furniture is easy to set up and move around thanks to its light weight. And finally, there is the sun lounger proper. Extremely comfortable, its appearance is rather reminiscent of a bed. Furthermore, the sun lounger can be fitted with a mattress, enhancing its comfort and allowing you to stretch out fully.

In terms of materials, sun loungers are available in aluminium, canvas, wood, plastic or steel. The most commonly used type of wood for making this piece of furniture is teak, particularly because of its resistance to the elements and insect damage, partly due to the oleoresin it contains. Furthermore, its pale yellow, bronze or reddish-beige colours with visible grain are highly prized. As for fabrics, the current trend is towards Batylene. It is a flexible synthetic mesh made of nylon coated with polyester. This fabric is very strong, easy to maintain and very comfortable, so there is no longer any need to buy cushions. Finally, batylene is recyclable, making it a very trendy material. Aluminium sun loungers are also very sturdy, easy to maintain, corrosion-resistant and available in a wide range of colours. It is worth noting that, regardless of the material chosen for the sun lounger, it can be protected with a cover.

Swing

The swing seat is a piece of furniture that is a cross between a hammock and a bench. Indeed, when sitting in a swing seat, you are seated and rocking. The swing seat consists of a frame to which a non-fixed seat is attached, allowing it to swing. Depending on the model, there may be a small canopy above the seat. It can be difficult to move a swing seat due to its bulk and weight.

To choose the right swing seat, it is important to know how many people you want it to seat. This piece of furniture is designed for one, two or three people. Next, you should take a close look at the material of the frame, as well as the quality of the fabric used for the seat and the canopy. It is worth noting that it is preferable for this fabric to be waterproof. You should also find out about the maintenance required for a particular type of swing seat.

As for the materials used to make swing seats, you’ll find models made of wood – particularly teak – metal, iron (for a lightweight look), wrought iron, woven resin with a modern look, wicker or pre-moulded plastic. Nevertheless, the most commonly used material for this type of furniture remains steel, due to its robustness and low-maintenance nature. It is worth noting the current trend towards the ‘cocoon’ swing seat. It is oval in shape and can be made either from wood or woven resin.